Labor strike has a long history since the industrial revolution, dating back to early 19th century in Europe. It is rarely a top news today. The barista who made a coffee for you at Starbucks, the cleaner who mopped the floor at McDonalds, and your favorite barber at the street corner, may have once protested on the streets.

It won’t disturb you too much under most circumstances, unless, for example, the angry railway workers make the company cancel your train. But to some extent, the labor strike can tell you what’s happening to our economy, which might somehow impact your life.

Worker strikes can have a wide range of incentives, and in this blog we focus on the economic ones, that is, those over mandatory issues such as wages, working hours, union rights and so on. It is not hard to detect that the number of economic strikes fluctuate yearly. At certain points the workers seem much more proactive than usual, and we can name this phenomenon as the strike cycle. Does it remind you of something? Our economy has periodic expansion and recession too, referred to as the business cycle. Does these two cycles correlate?

Conceivably, it is assumed that strikes occur more frequently and last longer at the period of economic recession; the album of economic depression always contains the pictures of desperate penniless workers marching on the roads. The employers intend to lower the wages and dismiss the employees in an attempt to make their shrinking business survive, consequently arousing disputes and frustrations. However, regarding the demand and the supply of the job market, it is also likely that employees are less inclined to strike when they are at a risk of being crowded-out, while their bargaining power improves during economic expansion. If the workers are rational and self-interested, seemingly they will not irritate their boss when they are losing money.

What Studies on Historical Data Tell Us

A 1952 study by Rees compares the Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS) series on monthly strikes with the reference business cycle of the National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER) after WWI. It concludes that there is a significant conformity between the two cycles, and the strike peak constantly precedes the business one (Figure 1). Rees explains that the strike represents the tension between union and employers. When the economic expansion is starting, the union has higher expectations while the employers react negatively to it, so their divergence reaches the maximum level.

Some scholars focus on the the relations between strike duration and the business cycle instead. The Institute for the Study of Labor issued a paper in 2008, citing over ten thousand strikes recorded by the Engineering Employers Federation in Great Britain from 1920 to 1970. It discovered that the labor strike duration is countercyclical, that is, the strike will last longer at the time of economic upturn. Additionally, higher employment rate usually enables the union to achieve better outcomes.

It should be noticed that some economists are highly suspicious of the strike data as an economic indicator, concerning that (1) the strike can be driven by political activities such as election and political campaign;  (2)the strikes, like many human activities, can be random and irrational. Scully wrote after studying the strike cycle in mid-20th century that “there is no relationship between the strike cycle and the business cycle” in the long term (while in the short run they do correlate).

Work Stoppage and Economic Cycle in Post-WWII U.S.

What does the labor strike data tell us about the U.S. economics in the past 80 years?

According to BLS statistics, the number of labor strikes in U.S. since 1940s has gradually declined, while still having a cyclical pattern (Figure 2).  BLS only recorded the days of idleness since 1980s, and it also displayed similar pattern(Figure 3).  With reference to the business cycle defined by NBER (Table 1), it is found out that the strike frequency never peaked during the recession. Except for 1948-1950 and 1957-1958 recession, when the economy is shrinking, workers are less inclined to protest on streets than they were in the previous year. When it comes to the strike duration, such correlation is less apparent, partly due to the lack of statistics. But it is still safe to claim that labor strikes usually lasted shorter than last year if the economic downturn is going on.

The above-mentioned evidences support the argument that labor strikes increase as the economy booms in order to maximize the union’s bargaining power. Nevertheless, business cycle can not account for all the characteristics of the strike cycle. For instance, the fluctuation of labor strike became very minor after 1990s, and it did not rise up significantly from 1991 to 2001 when the economic blossomed for almost a decade. Potential explanations lie in the development of union trades and labor rights legislation.

In conclusion, Labor strike data reflects the union’s behaviors as rational players in the economy. Trade unions are more likely to organize working stoppage when the business cycle is at its top, and workers are less likely to protest when the economy is falling down and offering less jobs. However, given that other factors especially the political events also exert an essential impact on trade union’s decision-making, it requires more caution to treat strike data as an economic indicator.

Reference

Scully, G. (1971). Business Cycles and Industrial Strike Activity. The Journal of Business, 44(4), 359-374. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2352052

Rees, A. (1952). Industrial Conflict and Business Fluctuations. Journal of Political Economy, 60(5), 371-382. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1826482

Devereux, P. J., & Hart, R. A. (2011). A good time to stay out? Strikes and the business cycle. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 49, s70-s92.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/

The National Bureau of Economic Research.https://www.nber.org/cycles/recessions.html

It’s all eyes on Fashion Week season – but not exactly for the insight into Spring/Summer 2020 trends. This September runway will showcase exactly which designers will be taking sustainability into design consideration and which ones will not. London Fashion Week garnered atypical recognition last year with protestors hitting the streets to demonstrate the negative effects on climate change deriving specifically from the fashion industry. While non-sustainable measures often ensue from the cost-cutting nature of fashion brands, the long-term global economic benefits of being “green” should be noted. 

A 2016 EPA report reveals that about 9% of all solid waste in the United States come from rubber, leather and textiles suggesting that a tenth of the our climate problem is attributed to one industry. With that type of power, the potential to improve the economy may come from fashion brands and their sustainable efforts. 

The Green Tradeoff

Shoppers want to make greener purchases, but sometimes budgetary constraints do not allow them to do so. With 75% of consumers agreeing that a brand’s sustainability is important to them, it should be in the best interest of a company to take eco-conscious initiatives. However, for a consumer to be able to shop sustainably they might have to spend almost eight times more. When searching for wardrobe staples — perhaps a black midi dress — a sustainable consumer could seek out Reformation and pay $218. But fast fashion brand H&M (HMRZF) lists a similar dress at an affordable price of $24.99. For a company such as H&M, implementing “greener” policies would raise costs and put them at a risk to losing customers that cannot manage or justify such purchases. 

Climate Damage Also Means Economic Damage

A 2018 study by Tom Kompas of the University of Melbourne concluded that countries that comply the most with the Paris Accord will see significant economic benefits compared to those that do not comply. In some cases, the economic damages could range from $9.5 to $23 trillion per year. Not only are irresponsible fast fashion policies causing irreversible damage to our climate, but they also are indicating global economic damages of irreparable proportion.

The incentive for the government to enact and enforce green policy, primarily in the fashion industry, is clear: as production becomes cleaner, global economies benefit, suggesting accelerated GDP growth. Buyers will continue to choose environmentally detrimental brands simply for the savings. If policy were to change and more companies were rewarded for their eco-friendly initiatives by the government, more eco-friendly options at a range of prices would become available to the public, promoting spending.

Presently, our administration has made policy decisions that are not in the best interest of the climate. When creating his model, Kompas had no choice but to assume that the United States would still be following the Paris Accord. In reality, we do not know for sure if or when we will ever join the Paris Accord again. This likely skews Kompas’s study; the economic damages predicted could very well be much worse. Policymakers and enforcers must take these actions into consideration for the sake of the health of the globe and the health of the global economy.

Additional Sources:

http://climatecollege.unimelb.edu.au/files/site1/seminar_documents/Kompas%20EF%202018%20REV.pdf

https://www.forbes.com/sites/kaleighmoore/2019/05/19/new-report-shows-sustainable-fashion-efforts-are-decreasing/#50b469737a4f

https://www.cnn.com/style/article/fashion-week-what-to-expect/index.html

https://www2.hm.com/en_us/productpage.0743995001.html

https://www.thereformation.com/products/graciella-dress?color=Black&via=Z2lkOi8vcmVmb3JtYXRpb24td2VibGluYy9Xb3JrYXJlYTo6Q2F0YWxvZzo6Q2F0ZWdvcnkvNWE2YWRmZDJmOTJlYTExNmNmMDRlOWM2

Typically, when a city’s economy is performing well, it’s population will grow. A strong economy full of expanding, competitive businesses sparks an increase in job opportunities. This, in turn, leads to the construction of new office and apartment buildings. While this simplified chain of events seems rather self-explanatory, analyzing the volume of construction on a local and national level is a sufficient method of understanding the current state of the economy. In other words, looking at the number of issued building permits can provide a benchmark for just how confident businesses and consumers are feeling. In turn, it provides a useful gauge of how well our economy is performing.

By definition, building permits are a form of approval issued by either the government or a regulatory body before the construction of buildings are legally permitted to commence. Data pertaining to building permits is collected on a monthly basis and  is published by the U.S. Census Bureau. This data is collected nationally and broken down by region, state, metropolitan area and county. The data is published on the 18th of every month. 

A look at commercial building permits often signals that businesses are expanding and new ones are forming. Additionally, an increase in permits for warehouse space indicates that commerce, in the coming years, will most likely improve. 

Where commercial building permits indicate the current state of businesses, residential building permits are indicative of behavior and sentiments on a consumer level. For example, a rise in single family homes can indicate that residents have reached a level of economic agency where they feel comfortable enough settling down and moving into more spacious, permanent accommodations. 

Because building permits are not mandatory in all regions of the U.S., the number of building permits is typically fewer than the number of housing starts. Examples of construction and remodeling projects that typically do not require a building permit include: repainting a house, building small fences, repaving driveways and refurbishing kitchen appliances. 

When more building permits are granted, this means that more money will be allocated towards housing, and thus the number of housing starts will increase. However, if housing starts begin to drop in comparison to building permits, this means that construction may be postponed in accordance to environmental or economic conditions

So where does the activity of building permits stand today? This past July, building permits in the U.S. increased by 8.4% (See graph above). This surpassed the market expectation of 3.1%. This growth in building permits is the steepest gain the U.S. has seen since June 2017. When broken down by region, it reveals that this growth was felt most prominently in the West and the South. Overall, building permits totaled an average of 1.33 million for July 2019. So far, December, which reached 1.3 million permits, has been the high of 2019.  

In 2005, when the U.S. economy was at one of its best moments, building permits almost surpassed the record high of 2.41 million in December of 1972 (See graph below). However, leading up to the 2008 recession, the number of building permits plummeted. As demonstrated by the data for June 2019, they have since recovered and are currently climbing. As an economic recession looms in the future for the U.S., building permits will be a key indicator to watch in the near future. 

Sources:

http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2001/april01/details.asp

https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/building-permits

https://marketrealist.com/2015/02/understanding-building-permits-impact-homebuilders/

Owning a home is part of the American Dream. While it goes hand in hand with the social idea of raising a nuclear family, the economic value of owning a home brings security. Historically, the value of a property has almost always increased over time. “Even with modest inflation of 5 percent a year, a typical house will be worth more at the end of a 30-year mortgage than the purchase price plus all interest, taxes, and insurance combined” (NY Times).  

However, the American homeownership rate peaked at 69.20% in the second quarter of 2004 and dropped to below 63% in 2016 (Trading Economics). While the homeownership rate is rising again, the trend of the past decade shows a clear decrease in homeownership. Simultaneously, the Case-Shiller Index has been increasing over the same period. The Case-Shiller Index is a lesser-known economic indicator that “tracks changes in the value of residential real estate, both nationally and in 20 metropolitan regions” (CNBC), and can explain homeownership rates and construction rates in the economy. The Case-Shiller Index is calculated by measuring changes of single-family homes by comparing the sale prices of the same properties over time (Investopedia). 

The increase in the Case-Shiller Index means an increase in home sale price, which can lead to fewer people being able to purchase a home. This result is usually related to a low supply and high demand for housing which encourages developers to create new housing units. 

Let’s take a closer look at how the Case-Shiller Index impacts specific communities and reflects the state of the community’s economy–specifically in the San Francisco Bay Area. The most recent Case-Shiller Index in the San Francisco Bay Area reads 270.23 index points––this measurement is double the value in 2012. The resale value of homes has skyrocketed, and the homeownership rates are plummeting. According to The Mercury News, as of July 2019, “homeownership in the Bay Area hit a seven-year low last quarter,” coming out to be 51.7%. Homeownership in the Bay Area is extremely expensive due to the strong demand for housing in the Bay Area, however, it has encouraged an increase in supply. It led to a construction boom in the Bay Area for housing that has since slowed. In the years 2016-2019, there have been close to 14,000 units or homes built in San Francisco (SF Chronicle), but the start of new construction has slowed dramatically. Reasons cited include “a combination of higher construction costs, escalating fees, a softening market and increased interest rates has persuaded many builders to wait on the sidelines” (SF Chronicle). Now developers are saying that “projects with a projected price of $1,300 or $1,400 per square foot are not worth it to developers,” but projects above the $2,000 per square foot price point will be built (SF Chronicle). This means that even as new construction occurs, it won’t contribute to the desperate need for more affordable housing in the Bay Area. However, in June, Google promised $1 billion to create new housing units to alleviate the Bay Area housing crisis. They have pledged their money to develop 15,000 new homes and contribute to affordable housing, too (LA Times). The drop in overall home construction permits is the “start of a worrisome trend” (Mercury News). Not only will people continue to struggle to afford housing but the halt on construction projects puts people out of jobs as well. 

Regardless, the Bay Area economy will continue to boom because it is sustained and backed by the tech industry. Even if the Case-Shiller Index continues to rise in the Bay Area, the tech industry will continue to supply high wages and residents will continue to pay the inflated prices. This scenario applies to the people employed by the large tech-giants. People who are caught in the Bay Area without high wages will struggle to afford housing, but the overall economy will still excel based on the spending and circulation of high wages. 

Every four years, the world comes together for the most prestigious athletic competition there is: the Olympic Games. This culmination of athletic excellence is one of the most watched events in all of television. In fact, NBC Sports Group called the 2016 Rio Olympics “The Most Successful Media Event in History” after the event drew over 3.6 BILLION viewers  and NBCSN streamed an “unprecedented 6,755 hours of programming for the games.” But the Olympics impact more than just television. Host cities become landscapes of arenas and stadiums. Living rooms across the world are filled with both enthusiastic cheering and defeated sighs. Groceries stores on every corner see massive increases in sales of staple snack foods, like potato chips and soda. Clearly, the Olympics are an event with far reaching influence, but what does that mean when it comes to the economy? And more specifically, how well do the Olympics serve as an economic indicator for the country that hosts them? 

Given the magnitude of the Olympics, it would make sense for one to assert that the economies of the hosting countries must be in an excellent place. This is supported by the fact that even joining the race to potentially host is quite an investment. Tokyo, for example, spent $150 million dollars on its bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. And the most painful part? Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was selected as the host city that year. 

The pay in is hefty, but once a city actually is selected to host, the costs only continue to increase. Most often, cities must undergo a massive change in infrastructure. The construction and updates of venues, hotels, roads, airports, and other necessary facilities can cost cities billions of dollars. Taking on such an investment requires immense faith in one’s economy and a commitment to government spending. In 2008, Beijing spent around $42 billion dollars hosting the Olympics. In 2004, Athens spent $15 billion. In 2016, Rio spent over $20 billion to host. This is no cheap endeavor and often even the projected budgets are nowhere close to the actual cost of the event. 

But as we know, government spending is a huge part of the global economy. So if a city is dramatically increasing spending, they are putting money into the economy, creating economic stimulation and increasing the country’s GDP. In addition, the aforementioned infrastructure construction would create millions of jobs and potentially attract workers from other countries.  Those workers will then also be contributing to the economy when they spend their earned wages. 

But all of those changes happen before the games even begin. As it gets closer to the actual games, tourists from all over flock to the host city, increasing the amount of money spent on things like tourist attractions, retail goods, hotel rooms, restaurants, and historical landmarks. People also spend a large amount of money at the Olympic venues themselves, which further stimulates the country’s economy. Increased sales means increased consumer spending which also increases the country’s GDP. 

All of these shifts seem positive; decreased unemployment, a potential increase in population, an increase in retail sales, and an increase in consumer spending — all of these changes are typically indicators of economic growth. These numbers, however, are always not indicative of reality. 

In reality, the spending is simply too large to bounce back from and host countries’ economies often suffer from the massive spending. In 2008, Beijing made $3.6 billion off the Olympics. This may seem like a good number, but recall that they spent $40 billion in the first place. Athens’ damages were even worse. The city struggled to finish it’s construction in time and even after it did, the cost of the 2004 Olympics pushed Greece’s economy into a massive sinkhole. In 2004, debt was the highest in the European Union coming in at 110.6% of the GDP. In 2005, they became the first country in the EU to be placed on fiscal monitoring. In the years following, the country amounted $342 billion dollars in debt and faced massive economic recession that lasted until only a few years ago. And while the Olympics are certainly not the only factor in Greece’s economic downturn, it “certainly didn’t help.”

All across the world, massive Olympic stadiums lay in ruin, abandoned due to the price of upkeep. These battered venues perfectly illustrate the long term economic impact of hosting the Olympics, reminding us that massive government spending has consequences and economic indicators are meaningless without context. As this analysis reminds us, one should exercise caution before they truly let the games begin.

What are bonds?

Bonds are low-risk, fixed-income securities. Governments, in this case the US, issue bonds to raise funds. The US Treasury Department issues and auctions the bonds. There are several types of bonds including: short-term, long-term and inflation-protected bonds. Bond lifetimes range between a few months to 30 years.

Bondholders acquire these financial instruments to have a claim or stake in the government’s money. What makes bonds attractive to investors are the interest rates. The government pays bondholders semi-annually the full face-value of the bond plus the interest rate.

Current events

News outlets have been citing the inversion of the yield curve following the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) recent statements. The yield curve is a measure of bond maturity over time. This data gives investors, financial institutions and economists a sense of the value of investment. An inversion occurs when short-term bond yield rates are higher than long-term yield rates. Bond value fluctuates based on myriad economic factors.

In the chart above, 10-year bond yields have steadily declined since the start of 2019. This means that bonds are losing their value. Ultimately, bondholders are losing money from what should have been a low-risk investment.

The following chart shows a more in-depth view of 10-year bond yields for this month. The 10-year bond yield has reached somewhat of a historic low.

The details of the current inversion rests in the numbers. The long-term yield spread (2-year to 10-year bonds) rates are lower than the short-term spread (1-month to 1-year bonds). Even within the subsets of bonds there are inversions. For instance, the 1-year yield (1.77) is lower than the 1-month yield (2.09).

Why this matters?

Bonds are losing value. Investors and financial institutions are anxious. More importantly, though, is that the past four recessions (1981, 1991, 2001, 2008) were predicted by a preceding inverted yield curve. This is the reason why media outlets, governments and economists are worried.

The last yield curve inversion

The last time the yield curve inverted was in December 2005. The Fed became aware of a housing bubble in progress and raised the fed funds rate – the rate at which banks lend money to each other – to 4.25 percent. The goal behind this was to curb lending; making it more difficult for institutions and individuals to borrow money. That affected the 2-year yield curve by raising it to 4.41. percent, while the 10-year yield dropped to 4.39 percent. Over time the Fed kept altering the fed funds rate which also affected yield rates. The curve remained inverted for years after that.

What followed was the worst recession since the Great Depression. Economies across the world were affected by the housing bubble.

To an economic layman such as myself, the words “inverted yield curve” do not immediately mean too much. However, hearing that this past August was the first time the U.S. had an inverted yield curve since before the 2008 recession seems like cause for alarm, so I have attempted to break down this indicator. 

The yield curve measures how the interest rate (or yield percentage) changes over a certain maturation period. With U.S. Treasury bonds, the curve takes into account whether the Fed raises or lowers interest rates and if investors believe their money will have future value or not.  When looking at the curve, it’s clear to see that in a healthy economy the yield curve should slope upward as that indicates investors believe that both investing now is wise and that future bonds will appreciate in value. When the yield curve inverts in slope, this indicates that investor confidence in the market’s future is low and that they would rather keep their money in long term bonds than current investments. Yield percentage on long term bonds (Ten years +) has an inverse relationship with demand, so as investor and Federal Reserve confidence in the market goes up, long-term yield prices will drop. 

Basically, when the yield percentage on bonds is greater for ten year bonds, that means less investors are buying ten year bonds and are instead investing in short term high-risk and high-reward investments. This bodes well for the economy as it means investors will spend believing they can get return soon. If the curve inverts, this means investors do not want to spend now and in turn that U.S. economic prospects look dim. Summer of 2019 has been the first time since the Great Recession that the curve has inverted, leaving economists fearing what comes next. 

Economists are concerned and wary because historically, the inverted yield curve occurred six to nine months before recessions (only one time in the past 70 years has this indicator been proven wrong). However, the inverted yield curve doesn’t necessarily directly cause recessions. The tricky reality is that economists have not been able to come to a consensus on what the isolated link between the inverted yield curve and recessions are, so for now though there is cause for concern, there isn’t cause for despair. 

For the present U.S. economy, these indicators could point towards the uncertainty surrounding trade agreements and tariffs (particularly with China). Some say this will make goods cost more,  and that there will be fewer jobs both supporting the production of those goods as employees and paying for the goods as consumers. Most economists agree that recessions are an inevitable season in a country’s economic life, and a recent study by the National Association for Business Economics found that 74% of business economists believe a recession will hit the U.S. by 2021. The consistency with which inverted yield curves have predicted recessions is stark and undeniable, but in order to more wholly assess the health of the U.S. economy, the many other economic indicators have to be weighed equally. 

Sources:

1. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-investors-need-to-know-about-an-inverted-yield-curve-2019-08-14
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukfA65KYyBY
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bItazfbSptI
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW4hfaiXKG8

Real estate has been a driving force shaping economics in America for years. Many factors in the real estate market can predict or explain the ups and downs of the economy. More specifically building permits and housing starts “can be early indicators of activity in the housing market”. http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2001/april01/details.asp

Building permits are a great way to indicate the fluctuations of the economy. This is due to the fact that building permits lead to new housing construction which in turn leads to new job availability and an increase in housing material production. “If more building permits are issued, this indicates more investment will likely be allocated to the housing market.”  Additionally, an increase in commercial building permits could indicate businesses are expanding and an increase in building permits for warehouses could “be a sign that commerce will increase in the coming years.” All of these factors that deal with the amount of building permits issued could bring stability and wealth to the economy and GDP when they are increasing and thus are a great economic indicator. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/building-permits.asp

https://articles2.marketrealist.com/2015/02/understanding-building-permits-impact-homebuilders/

For example, as seen in this chart above, more building permits were issued from 1990 to 2005, when the economy was at its best. After 2005 we see a huge decline in the number of building permits which reflects how the economic conditions during that were not favorable.

Recently, new home construction fell in May 2019, however we can see from this data that building permits remain steady. JPMorgan Chase & Co.’s, Jesse Edgerton, quotes that this building permit data “suggests little cause for immediate concern.” However from this data we also see that building permits are not always inline with housing starts. This is due to the fact that housing starts can be influenced by many outside factors. Currently, rising construction costs are making it ” challenging to build homes at affordable price points relative to buyer incomes.”

https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/17/us-housing-starts-june-2019.html